Using and controlling relative clauses will send you to university.

ACHIEVING B2+ PROFICIENCY

THE LOGISTICS JOURNEY

  • Global Supply: Where it starts.
  • Local Access: Where you buy it.

"Where does your food come from?"

DATA A

"I like pizza."

+

DATA B

"Pizza is Italian."

⬇

"I like pizza, which is Italian."

DEFINING

"Farmers who sell locally earn more."

Essential: Tells us which farmers.

NON-DEFINING

"Pomegranates, which are delicious..."

Extra: High-level detail, optional.

WHO → PEOPLE 👤

WHICH / THAT → THINGS 📦

WHERE → PLACES 📍

DEFINING

"The car which/that I bought..."

Both correct!

NON-DEFINING

"The car, that I bought..."

FORBIDDEN: No THAT after comma.

1. FARMers who SELL‿in LOcal MARkets ↘ OFten‿EARN MORE.

2. POMegranates, ↘ which‿are deLIcious, ↘ are RICH‿in VItamins.

3. The TOWN where‿I LIVED‿as‿a TEENager ↘ is FAmous...

1. Underline the relative clause.

2. Label it: D or ND.

"Common foods [which are grown in this country] include wheat..."

DEFINING (D)

Defines which foods.

"Farmers [who sell in the local market] always sell..."

DEFINING (D)

Defines which farmers.

"Crumble, which is an English dessert, is made from..."

NON-DEFINING (ND)

Extra info. Commas = No 'That'.

"The area on the coast, where many farmers are based, is good..."

NON-DEFINING (ND)

Extra info about area.

"The food stall owners, , who work in this area, must have..."

NON-DEFINING (ND)

Extra info regarding owners.

"The town [where I lived as a teenager] is famous..."

DEFINING (D)

Specific town defined.

Fill in the correct relative pronoun:

WHO • WHICH • WHERE

"People who lived in the countryside..."

Subject is People.

"...lived where it was easy to grow..."

Subject is Place.

"The new kinds of food which/that are popular..."

Subject is Things. Defining.

"The food which/that we eat in my country..."

Subject is Things. Defining.

"In hot and dry places where there is little rain..."

Subject is Place.

"People living in the city, who are usually richer..."

Subject is People. Non-Defining.

Merge after the subject.

MODEL

"People eat fish." + "They live on islands."

→ "People who live on islands eat fish."

"The people who live on small islands mostly eat fish."

"They" is replaced by "who" because it refers to PEOPLE.

"Bottled water, which comes from other countries, is more expensive..."

"It" is replaced by "which" because it refers to a THING.

"The dish, which is made from rice..., comes from the north."

"It" is replaced by "which" - adds extra info about the dish.

"The places which are in the center of the country eat more meat."

"They" is replaced by "which" because it refers to PLACES (things).

Write 50-70 words about your favourite food.

You must include at least two relative clauses.

(e.g. "Pizza, which is Italian, is my favourite...")

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