GLOBAL LOGISTICS

RELATIVE CLAUSES

CONNECTING IDEAS & INFORMATION

THE ACADEMIC GATEWAY

Using and controlling relative clauses will send you to university.

ACHIEVING B2+ PROFICIENCY

CONTEXT

SOURCE & DESTINATION

GLOBAL SUPPLY

LOCAL ACCESS

Where does your food come from?

LEAD-IN

THE LOGISTICS LINK

DATA A

"I like pizza."

+

DATA B

"Pizza is Italian."

⬇

"I like pizza, which is Italian."

MEANING

CARGO TYPES

1. DEFINING

Essential Information.

"Farmers who sell in local markets earn more."

Which farmers? ONLY the ones who sell locally.

2. NON-DEFINING

Extra Information.

"Pomegranates, which are delicious, are healthy."

Can we remove it? Yes. It's just a luxury detail.
FORM

THE MANIFEST

PRONOUN OBJECT ICON
WHO PEOPLE 👤
WHICH / THAT THINGS 📦
WHERE PLACES 📍
GRAMMAR ALERT

THE 'THAT' RULE

🟢 DEFINING

"The car which/that I bought..."

Both are correct!

🔴 NON-DEFINING

"The car, that I bought, ..."

Never use THAT after a comma.

PRONUNCIATION

SOUND COHESION

1. FARMers who SELL‿in LOcal MARkets ↘ OFten‿EARN MORE.

2. POMegranates, ↘ which‿are deLIcious, ↘ are RICH‿in VItamins.

3. The TOWN where‿I LIVED‿as‿a TEENager ↘ is FAmous...

Follow the gold symbols for smooth linking!
PRACTICE

TASK 1: IDENTIFY & CLASSIFY

1. Underline the relative clause.

2. Label it: D (Defining) or ND (Non-Defining).

04:00
ANSWER 1.1

...WHICH / THAT ARE GROWN IN THIS COUNTRY...

"Common foods [which are grown in this country] include wheat..."

Type: DEFINING (Essential info)

Tells us WHICH foods. 'That' is also correct.
ANSWER 1.2

...WHO / THAT SELL IN THE LOCAL MARKET...

"Farmers [who sell in the local market] always sell seasonal crops."

Type: DEFINING (Essential info)

'That' can replace 'who', but 'who' is more natural for people.
ANSWER 1.3

, WHICH IS AN ENGLISH DESSERT,

"Crumble, [which is an English dessert], is made from fruit..."

Type: NON-DEFINING (Extra info)

We already know it's Crumble. Commas required. NO THAT.
ANSWER 1.4

, WHERE MANY FARMERS ARE BASED,

"The area on the coast, [where many farmers are based], is good..."

Type: NON-DEFINING (Extra info)

ANSWER 1.5

, WHO WORK IN THIS AREA,

"The food stall owners, [who work in this area], must have a license."

Type: NON-DEFINING (Extra info)

ANSWER 1.6

WHERE I LIVED AS A TEENAGER

"The town [where I lived as a teenager] is famous for its spicy food."

Type: DEFINING (Essential info)

CONTROLLED

TASK 2: FILL THE GAPS

Supply the Pronoun:

WHO • WHICH • WHERE

04:00
ANSWER 2.1

WHO

"People [who] lived in the countryside..."

Reason: PEOPLE

ANSWER 2.2

WHERE

"People lived [where] it was easy to grow food."

Reason: PLACE

ANSWER 2.3

WHICH / THAT

"The new kinds of food [which/that] are popular..."

Reason: THINGS (Defining)

ANSWER 2.4

WHICH / THAT

"The food [which/that] we eat is usually imported."

Reason: THINGS (Defining)

ANSWER 2.5

WHERE

"In hot and dry places [where] there is little rain..."

Reason: PLACE

ANSWER 2.6

WHO

"People living in the city, [who] are usually richer..."

Reason: PEOPLE (Non-Defining)

Look at the comma! That means NO THAT.
SEMI-CONTROLLED

TASK 3: MERGING DATA

Join the sentences after the subject.

MODEL:

"People eat fish." + "They live on islands."

"People who live on islands eat fish."

ANSWER 3.1

"The people who live on small islands mostly eat fish."

No commas needed (Defining).
ANSWER 3.2

"Bottled water, which comes from other countries, is more expensive than gas."

Commas needed! This is extra info about bottled water.
ANSWER 3.3

"The dish, which is made from rice, fish, herbs, and spices, comes from the north."

Commas because we already mentioned "The Dish" (Non-defining).
ANSWER 3.4

"The places which/that are in the center of the country eat more meat."

No commas (Defining).
PRODUCTION

TASK 4: FINAL TRADING REPORT

Write 50-70 words about your favourite food.

  • Where does it come from?
  • Why do you like it?
  • CRITICAL: Use 2+ Relative Clauses.
06:00

AUDIT COMPLETE

GRAMMAR UNLOCKED: B1 ACHIEVED